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Building information modeling (BIM) is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. Building information models (BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be exchanged or networked to support decision-making about a place. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, wastewater, electricity, gas, refuse and communication utilities, roads, bridges and ports, houses, apartments, schools and shops, offices, factories, warehouses and prisons. == BIM origins and elements== The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s. The term 'building model' (in the sense of BIM as used today) was first used in a 1986 paper by Robert Aish〔Aish, R. (1986) "Building Modelling: The Key to Integrated Construction CAD" CIB 5th International Symposium on the Use of Computers for Environmental Engineering related to Building, 7–9 July.〕 - then at GMW Computers Ltd, developer of RUCAPS software - referring to the software's use at London's Heathrow Airport.〔cited by Laiserin, Jerry (2008), Foreword to Eastman, C., ''et al'' (2008), ''op cit'', p.xii〕 The term 'Building Information Model' first appeared in a 1992 paper by G.A. van Nederveen and F. P. Tolman. However, the terms 'Building Information Model' and 'Building Information Modeling' (including the acronym "BIM") did not become popularly used until some 10 years later. In 2002, Autodesk released a white paper entitled "Building Information Modeling,"〔(Autodesk (2002). Building Information Modeling. San Rafael, CA, Autodesk, Inc. )〕 and other software vendors also started to assert their involvement in the field.〔Laiserin, J. (2002) "(Comparing Pommes and Naranjas )", ''The Laiserin Letter'', December 16, 2002.〕 By hosting contributions from Autodesk, Bentley Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003,〔Laiserin, J. (2003) "(The BIM Page )", ''The Laiserin Letter''.〕 Jerry Laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a common name for the digital representation of the building process.〔Laiserin, in his foreword to Eastman, et al (2008, ''op cit'') disclaimed he had coined the term, adding "it is my opinion that the historical record ... shows that Building Information Modeling was not an innovation attributable solely to any individual or entity." (p.xiii)〕 Facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format had previously been offered under differing terminology by Graphisoft as "Virtual Building", Bentley Systems as "Integrated Project Models", and by Autodesk or Vectorworks as "Building Information Modeling". As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors, Laiserin regarded its ArchiCAD as then "one of the most mature BIM solutions on the market"〔Laiserin, J. (2003) "(Graphisoft on BIM )", ''The Laiserin Letter'', January 20, 2003.〕 but also highlighted the pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex.〔Laiserin, J. (2003) "(LaiserinLetterLetters )" (see Laiserin's comment to letter from John Mullan), ''The Laiserin Letter'', January 06 2003.〕 Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became regarded by some as the first implementation of BIM,〔Lincoln H. Forbes, Syed M. Ahmed, (2010) ''Modern Construction: Lean Project Delivery and Integrated Practices'', CRC Press.〕〔Cinti Luciani, S. Garagnani, R. Mingucci (2012) "BIM tools and design intent. Limitations and opportunities", in K. Kensek, J. Peng, ''Practical BIM 2012 - Management, Implementation, Coordination and Evaluation'', Los Angeles〕 as it was the first CAD product on a personal computer able to create both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first commercial BIM product for personal computers.〔〔M. Dobelis (2013), “Drawbacks of BIM concept adoption”, in the 12th International Conference on Engineering Graphics, BALTGRAF 2013, June 5–7, 2013, Riga, Latvia〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Building information modeling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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